Louisiana state Energy Profile
	QUICK FACTS Louisiana ranks fourth among the states in crude oil production, behind Texas, Alaska, and California (excluding federal offshore areas, which produce more than any single state). The Louisiana Offshore Oil Port (LOOP) is the only port in the United States capable of accommodating deep-draft tankers. Two of the U.S. Strategic Petroleum Reserve’s four storage facilities are located in Louisiana. The Henry Hub is the largest centralized point for natural gas spot and futures trading in the United States, providing access to major markets throughout the country. The liquefied natural gas (LNG) import terminal at Sabine is the largest of nine existing LNG import sites in the United States.
RESOURCES AND CONSUMPTION Louisiana is rich in crude oil and natural gas. Oil and gas deposits are found in abundance both onshore and offshore in state-owned waters. However, the vast majority of Louisiana’s crude oil reserves and a large share of its natural gas reserves are found offshore in the Louisiana section of the federally administered Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) in the Gulf of Mexico. The Gulf of Mexico OCS is the largest U.S. oil-producing region, and the Louisiana section, which contains many of the nation’s largest oil fields, holds more than nine-tenths of the crude oil reserves in that region. Including its federally administered reserves, Louisiana’s crude oil reserves account for nearly one-fifth of total U.S. oil reserves, and its natural gas reserves account for nearly one-tenth of the U.S. total. Louisiana’s fossil fuel resources also include minor deposits of lignite coal, located in the northeastern part of the state. Louisiana has substantial bioenergy potential in comparison with other states because of its productive agriculture and forestry industries. In particular, fuelwood potential is high in the forested areas of northern Louisiana. Driven largely by its industrial sector, which includes the energy-intensive chemical manufacturing and petroleum refining industries, Louisiana’s total and per capita energy consumption rank among the highest in the nation. Louisiana’s industrial energy consumption is second only to that of Texas. PETROLEUM Louisiana is the country’s top crude oil producer when production from its section of the federally administered Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) is included. When that production is excluded, Louisiana ranks fourth in the nation behind Texas, Alaska, and California. Commercial oil production began in Louisiana in the early 20th century, soon after the discovery of the Spindle Top oil field in neighboring Texas. Louisiana’s onshore production increased until about 1970, when it peaked at more than 1.35 million barrels per day. Output quickly declined thereafter and has fallen to a little more than one-tenth of the 1970 peak in recent years. Although drilling had taken place in the lakes, marshes, and bayous of Louisiana since the 1920s, it was not until after World War II that offshore workers, including many returning veterans, began applying new skills and technologies to overcome the challenges of producing oil from beneath the ocean floor. A historical milestone for Louisiana’s offshore industry occurred in 1947, when Kerr McGee completed the world’s first offshore well out of sight of land. Although Louisiana’s state offshore oil production peaked in 1970, the same year as onshore production, Louisiana’s production in the federal OCS continued to expand into the 21st century as new offshore technologies allowed companies to access reserves in deeper, more remote areas of the Gulf. Louisiana’s OCS production reached a peak in 2002, but experts believe that large new oil deposits remain to be discovered in deepwater areas, and future exploration and production is promising. Louisiana’s offshore petroleum industry was dealt a serious blow in 2005 when hurricanes Katrina and Rita damaged offshore oil platforms and curbed production for several months. In 2008, hurricanes Gustav and Ike also caused damage offshore and forced refining and production shutdowns. Louisiana is also a major importer of crude oil from around the world, typically bringing in about one-fifth of all foreign crude oil processed in the United States. The state receives petroleum supplies at several ports, including the Louisiana Offshore Oil Port (LOOP), the only port in the United States capable of accommodating deep-draft tankers. The LOOP, which began receiving foreign crude oil in 1981 after domestic U.S. production peaked in the 1970s, can import up to 1.2 million barrels per day and is connected through a network of crude-oil pipelines to about one-half of U.S. refining capacity. Associated with LOOP are Clovelly Dome, a 40-million-barrel salt cavern storage facility, and the Capline pipeline, which is the largest pipeline system delivering crude oil from the Gulf Coast to the Midwest. Because Louisiana’s infrastructure provides multiple connections to the nation's commercial oil transport network, the U.S. Department of Energy chose the state as a site for two of the Strategic Petroleum Reserve’s four storage facilities. The two facilities are located in salt caverns in Bayou Choctaw and West Hackberry. State crude oil production and imports that are not sent to other states are processed at Louisiana’s 16 operating refineries, clustered mostly along the Lower Mississippi River and in the Lake Charles area. With a refining capacity of more than 2.5 million barrels per day, Louisiana produces more petroleum products than any state but Texas. Many of Louisiana’s refineries are sophisticated facilities that use additional refining processes beyond simple distillation to yield a larger quantity of lighter, higher value products, such as gasoline. Because of this "downstream" capability, Louisiana refineries often process a wide variety of crude oil types from around the world, including heavier, lower-value varieties. About three-fourths of Louisiana’s refined petroleum products are sent to other states for consumption. The Plantation Pipeline, originating near Baton Rouge, supplies much of the South with motor gasoline and distillate fuel. Other major product pipeline systems passing through the state include the Colonial, Centennial, and TEPPCO systems. Petroleum products that are not shipped to other states primarily feed Louisiana’s industrial sector, which includes one of the largest petrochemical industries in the nation. Consequently, Louisiana’s total and per capita consumption of petroleum products are among the highest the nation. NATURAL GAS Louisiana is one of the top natural gas-producing states in the country. Including output from the Louisiana Outer Continental Shelf (OCS), Louisiana ranks second in the nation in natural gas production. Excluding OCS production, Louisiana ranks fifth. About three-fifths of the state’s natural gas production typically takes place in the OCS, although substantial production takes place in the northern and southern parts of the state, as well as offshore in state waters. Louisiana’s offshore natural gas platforms were damaged by hurricanes Katrina and Rita in 2005, and production was curbed for several months afterward. In 2008, hurricanes Gustav and Ike also caused damage offshore and forced production shutdowns. Driven by its industrial sector, Louisiana’s natural gas consumption is high, ranking third among the states. Nearly one-half of Louisiana households use natural gas as their primary energy source for home heating. In order to accommodate the state’s high demand for natural gas, a new pipeline project has been proposed. The 180-mile Tiger Pipeline would extend from Carthage, Texas, to Perryville, Louisiana, and be complete in 2011. Louisiana plays an essential role in the movement of natural gas from the U.S. Gulf Coast region to markets throughout the country. Despite high demand from state consumers, Louisiana delivers most of its natural gas production to other states via a vast network of interstate pipelines. Over half of the natural gas that is supplied to Louisiana enters the state via pipelines from Texas. The state also receives, stores, and re-ships natural gas supplies from numerous international sources, including Nigeria, Algeria, and Trinidad and Tobago. Louisiana has four natural gas marketing centers, including the Henry Hub, the most active and publicized natural gas market center in North America. The Henry Hub connects nine interstate and four intrastate pipelines, providing access to markets in the Midwest, Northeast, Southeast, and Gulf Coast. Almost half of all U.S. wellhead production either occurs near the Henry Hub or passes close to the Henry Hub as it moves to downstream markets. The Henry Hub is the delivery point for New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX) natural gas futures contracts. Louisiana has 15 natural gas storage facilities and its storage capacity is among the highest in the nation. These storage facilities, located in depleted fields and salt caverns, allow Louisiana to store its natural gas production during the summer, when national demand is typically low, and quickly ramp up delivery during the winter months, when markets across the country require greater volumes of natural gas to meet their home heating needs. Because of the growing use of natural gas for electricity generation in the United States, Louisiana has occasionally withdrawn natural gas from storage during the summer months to help meet peak electricity demand for air-conditioning use. Louisiana’s natural gas production history largely mirrors the state’s crude oil timeline, with state production peaking in 1970 and OCS production peaking shortly after the turn of the century. To offset the decline in Louisiana’s natural gas supply, which is in demand throughout the country, the state began to supplement indigenous production with foreign imports of liquefied natural gas (LNG). Louisiana contains one offshore and three onshore LNG import terminals, more than any other state in the nation. Louisiana’s first LNG import terminal, located in Lake Charles, came online in 1981 and is the second largest LNG import site in the United States. The largest LNG terminal is located in Sabine, Louisiana, which opened in 2008 and can import up to 2.6 billion cubic feet per day. In addition, several new LNG import facilities along the Louisiana coast have been approved for construction. COAL, ELECTRICITY, AND RENEWABLES Natural gas is Louisiana’s leading fuel for electric generation, typically accounting for nearly one-half of electricity produced within the state. Coal, Louisiana’s second leading generation fuel, typically accounts for about one-fourth of state electricity production. Louisiana has two coal mines in the northwestern part of the state, which supply lignite coal to the nearby Dolet Hills power plant. Louisiana’s remaining coal-fired power plants are supplied with subbituminous coal, almost exclusively from Wyoming. Louisiana’s two single-reactor nuclear power plants, both located along the Lower Mississippi River, typically account for almost one-fifth of state generation. Louisiana has some hydroelectric generation but very little electricity production from other renewable energy sources. Wood and wood waste energy sources currently provide Louisiana with about 3 percent of its total electricity production. Louisiana has policies and incentives in place to encourage the use of renewable sources, including energy standards for public buildings. Louisiana’s per capita residential electricity consumption is high, due in part to high demand for air-conditioning during the hot summer months and the widespread use of electricity as the primary energy source for home heating.

Louisiana state Energy Profile

QUICK FACTS

Louisiana ranks fourth among the states in crude oil production, behind Texas, Alaska, and California (excluding federal offshore areas, which produce more than any single state).
The Louisiana Offshore Oil Port (LOOP) is the only port in the United States capable of accommodating deep-draft tankers.
Two of the U.S. Strategic Petroleum Reserve’s four storage facilities are located in Louisiana.
The Henry Hub is the largest centralized point for natural gas spot and futures trading in the United States, providing access to major markets throughout the country.
The liquefied natural gas (LNG) import terminal at Sabine is the largest of nine existing LNG import sites in the United States.

RESOURCES AND CONSUMPTION

Louisiana is rich in crude oil and natural gas. Oil and gas deposits are found in abundance both onshore and offshore in state-owned waters. However, the vast majority of Louisiana’s crude oil reserves and a large share of its natural gas reserves are found offshore in the Louisiana section of the federally administered Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) in the Gulf of Mexico. The Gulf of Mexico OCS is the largest U.S. oil-producing region, and the Louisiana section, which contains many of the nation’s largest oil fields, holds more than nine-tenths of the crude oil reserves in that region. Including its federally administered reserves, Louisiana’s crude oil reserves account for nearly one-fifth of total U.S. oil reserves, and its natural gas reserves account for nearly one-tenth of the U.S. total. Louisiana’s fossil fuel resources also include minor deposits of lignite coal, located in the northeastern part of the state.

Louisiana has substantial bioenergy potential in comparison with other states because of its productive agriculture and forestry industries. In particular, fuelwood potential is high in the forested areas of northern Louisiana. Driven largely by its industrial sector, which includes the energy-intensive chemical manufacturing and petroleum refining industries, Louisiana’s total and per capita energy consumption rank among the highest in the nation. Louisiana’s industrial energy consumption is second only to that of Texas.

PETROLEUM

Louisiana is the country’s top crude oil producer when production from its section of the federally administered Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) is included. When that production is excluded, Louisiana ranks fourth in the nation behind Texas, Alaska, and California. Commercial oil production began in Louisiana in the early 20th century, soon after the discovery of the Spindle Top oil field in neighboring Texas. Louisiana’s onshore production increased until about 1970, when it peaked at more than 1.35 million barrels per day. Output quickly declined thereafter and has fallen to a little more than one-tenth of the 1970 peak in recent years.

Although drilling had taken place in the lakes, marshes, and bayous of Louisiana since the 1920s, it was not until after World War II that offshore workers, including many returning veterans, began applying new skills and technologies to overcome the challenges of producing oil from beneath the ocean floor. A historical milestone for Louisiana’s offshore industry occurred in 1947, when Kerr McGee completed the world’s first offshore well out of sight of land. Although Louisiana’s state offshore oil production peaked in 1970, the same year as onshore production, Louisiana’s production in the federal OCS continued to expand into the 21st century as new offshore technologies allowed companies to access reserves in deeper, more remote areas of the Gulf. Louisiana’s OCS production reached a peak in 2002, but experts believe that large new oil deposits remain to be discovered in deepwater areas, and future exploration and production is promising. Louisiana’s offshore petroleum industry was dealt a serious blow in 2005 when hurricanes Katrina and Rita damaged offshore oil platforms and curbed production for several months. In 2008, hurricanes Gustav and Ike also caused damage offshore and forced refining and production shutdowns.

Louisiana is also a major importer of crude oil from around the world, typically bringing in about one-fifth of all foreign crude oil processed in the United States. The state receives petroleum supplies at several ports, including the Louisiana Offshore Oil Port (LOOP), the only port in the United States capable of accommodating deep-draft tankers. The LOOP, which began receiving foreign crude oil in 1981 after domestic U.S. production peaked in the 1970s, can import up to 1.2 million barrels per day and is connected through a network of crude-oil pipelines to about one-half of U.S. refining capacity. Associated with LOOP are Clovelly Dome, a 40-million-barrel salt cavern storage facility, and the Capline pipeline, which is the largest pipeline system delivering crude oil from the Gulf Coast to the Midwest. Because Louisiana’s infrastructure provides multiple connections to the nation's commercial oil transport network, the U.S. Department of Energy chose the state as a site for two of the Strategic Petroleum Reserve’s four storage facilities. The two facilities are located in salt caverns in Bayou Choctaw and West Hackberry.

State crude oil production and imports that are not sent to other states are processed at Louisiana’s 16 operating refineries, clustered mostly along the Lower Mississippi River and in the Lake Charles area. With a refining capacity of more than 2.5 million barrels per day, Louisiana produces more petroleum products than any state but Texas. Many of Louisiana’s refineries are sophisticated facilities that use additional refining processes beyond simple distillation to yield a larger quantity of lighter, higher value products, such as gasoline. Because of this "downstream" capability, Louisiana refineries often process a wide variety of crude oil types from around the world, including heavier, lower-value varieties.

About three-fourths of Louisiana’s refined petroleum products are sent to other states for consumption. The Plantation Pipeline, originating near Baton Rouge, supplies much of the South with motor gasoline and distillate fuel. Other major product pipeline systems passing through the state include the Colonial, Centennial, and TEPPCO systems. Petroleum products that are not shipped to other states primarily feed Louisiana’s industrial sector, which includes one of the largest petrochemical industries in the nation. Consequently, Louisiana’s total and per capita consumption of petroleum products are among the highest the nation.

NATURAL GAS

Louisiana is one of the top natural gas-producing states in the country. Including output from the Louisiana Outer Continental Shelf (OCS), Louisiana ranks second in the nation in natural gas production. Excluding OCS production, Louisiana ranks fifth. About three-fifths of the state’s natural gas production typically takes place in the OCS, although substantial production takes place in the northern and southern parts of the state, as well as offshore in state waters. Louisiana’s offshore natural gas platforms were damaged by hurricanes Katrina and Rita in 2005, and production was curbed for several months afterward. In 2008, hurricanes Gustav and Ike also caused damage offshore and forced production shutdowns.

Driven by its industrial sector, Louisiana’s natural gas consumption is high, ranking third among the states. Nearly one-half of Louisiana households use natural gas as their primary energy source for home heating. In order to accommodate the state’s high demand for natural gas, a new pipeline project has been proposed. The 180-mile Tiger Pipeline would extend from Carthage, Texas, to Perryville, Louisiana, and be complete in 2011.

Louisiana plays an essential role in the movement of natural gas from the U.S. Gulf Coast region to markets throughout the country. Despite high demand from state consumers, Louisiana delivers most of its natural gas production to other states via a vast network of interstate pipelines. Over half of the natural gas that is supplied to Louisiana enters the state via pipelines from Texas. The state also receives, stores, and re-ships natural gas supplies from numerous international sources, including Nigeria, Algeria, and Trinidad and Tobago. Louisiana has four natural gas marketing centers, including the Henry Hub, the most active and publicized natural gas market center in North America. The Henry Hub connects nine interstate and four intrastate pipelines, providing access to markets in the Midwest, Northeast, Southeast, and Gulf Coast. Almost half of all U.S. wellhead production either occurs near the Henry Hub or passes close to the Henry Hub as it moves to downstream markets. The Henry Hub is the delivery point for New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX) natural gas futures contracts.

Louisiana has 15 natural gas storage facilities and its storage capacity is among the highest in the nation. These storage facilities, located in depleted fields and salt caverns, allow Louisiana to store its natural gas production during the summer, when national demand is typically low, and quickly ramp up delivery during the winter months, when markets across the country require greater volumes of natural gas to meet their home heating needs. Because of the growing use of natural gas for electricity generation in the United States, Louisiana has occasionally withdrawn natural gas from storage during the summer months to help meet peak electricity demand for air-conditioning use.

Louisiana’s natural gas production history largely mirrors the state’s crude oil timeline, with state production peaking in 1970 and OCS production peaking shortly after the turn of the century. To offset the decline in Louisiana’s natural gas supply, which is in demand throughout the country, the state began to supplement indigenous production with foreign imports of liquefied natural gas (LNG). Louisiana contains one offshore and three onshore LNG import terminals, more than any other state in the nation. Louisiana’s first LNG import terminal, located in Lake Charles, came online in 1981 and is the second largest LNG import site in the United States. The largest LNG terminal is located in Sabine, Louisiana, which opened in 2008 and can import up to 2.6 billion cubic feet per day. In addition, several new LNG import facilities along the Louisiana coast have been approved for construction.

COAL, ELECTRICITY, AND RENEWABLES

Natural gas is Louisiana’s leading fuel for electric generation, typically accounting for nearly one-half of electricity produced within the state. Coal, Louisiana’s second leading generation fuel, typically accounts for about one-fourth of state electricity production. Louisiana has two coal mines in the northwestern part of the state, which supply lignite coal to the nearby Dolet Hills power plant. Louisiana’s remaining coal-fired power plants are supplied with subbituminous coal, almost exclusively from Wyoming. Louisiana’s two single-reactor nuclear power plants, both located along the Lower Mississippi River, typically account for almost one-fifth of state generation. Louisiana has some hydroelectric generation but very little electricity production from other renewable energy sources. Wood and wood waste energy sources currently provide Louisiana with about 3 percent of its total electricity production. Louisiana has policies and incentives in place to encourage the use of renewable sources, including energy standards for public buildings.

Louisiana’s per capita residential electricity consumption is high, due in part to high demand for air-conditioning during the hot summer months and the widespread use of electricity as the primary energy source for home heating.

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14 Mart 2013 Perşembe