Return to Presidents List
U.S Presidents — Andrew Jackson | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OVERVIEW
Name: Andrew Jackson
President: # 7 Term Number(s): 11, 12 Term Length: 8 Took Office: March 4, 1829 Left Office: March 4, 1837 Age when Elected: 61 Party: Democratic Also Known As: "Old Hickory, King Mob" BIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Education: no formal education
Occupation: Prosecutor, Judge, Farmer (Planter), Soldier (General) Other Governmental Position: Member of U.S. House of Representatives, United States Senator, Justice on Tennessee Supreme Court, Governor of the Florida Territory, United States Senator. Military Service: Colonel in the Tennessee Militia, Major General in the United States Army Religion: Presbyterian Spouse(s): Rachel Donelson Robards Jackson (January 7, 1794) Children: Andrew Jackson, Jr. (adopted); Lyncoya Jackson (adopted); John Samuel Donelson (guardian); Daniel Smith Donelson (guardian); Andrew Jackson Donelson (guardian); Andrew Jackson Hutchings (guardian); Carolina Butler (guardian); Eliza Butler (guardian); Edward Butler (guardian); Anthony Butler (guardian)
Birthdate: March 15, 1767
Birthplace: Waxhaw, North Carolina Deathdate: June 8, 1845 Deathplace: Nashville, Tennessee Age at Death: 78 Cause of Death: comsumption, dropsy, tubercular hemorrhaging Place of Internment: The Hermitage in Nashville, Tennessee  Signature FIRST ELECTION
Election Year: 1828
Main Opponent: John Quincy Adams Voter Participation: N/A
SECOND ELECTION
Election Year: 1832
Main Opponent: Henry Clay Voter Participation: N/A
CABINET AND COURT APPOINTMENTS
Vice President: John C. Calhoun, vacant, Martin Van Buren
Secretary of State: Martin Van Buren (1829–1831), Edward Livingston (1831–1833), Louis McLane (1833–1834), John Forsyth (1834–1837) Secretary of the Treasury: Samuel D. Ingham (1829–1831), Louis McLane (1831–1833), William J. Duane (1833), Roger B. Taney (1833–1834), Levi Woodbury (1834–1837) Secretary of War: John H. Eaton (1829–1831), Lewis Cass (1831–1836) Secretary of the Navy: John Branch (1829–1831), Levi Woodbury (1831–1834), Mahlon Dickerson (1834–1837) Attorney General: John M. Berrien (1829–1831), Roger B. Taney (1831–1833), Benjamin F. Butler (1833–1837) Supreme Court Assignments: John McLean (1830), Henry Baldwin (1830), James Moore Wayne (1835), Roger Brooke Taney (1836), Philip Pendleton Barbour (1836), John Catron (1837) PRESIDENT'S BIOGRAPHY Born in a backwoods settlement in the Carolinas in 1767, Jackson received sporadic education. But in his late teens he read law for about two years, and he became an outstanding young lawyer in Tennessee. Fiercely guarding his honor, he engaged in brawls, and in a duel killed a man who cast an unjustified slur on his wife Rachel. Jackson prospered sufficiently to buy slaves and to build a mansion, the Hermitage, near Nashville. He was the first man elected from Tennessee to the House of Representatives, and he served briefly in the Senate. A major general in the War of 1812, Jackson became a national hero when he defeated the British at New Orleans. In 1824 some state political factions rallied around Jackson; by 1828 enough had joined "Old Hickory" to win numerous state elections and control of the federal administration in Washington. In his first Annual Message to Congress, Jackson recommended eliminating the Electoral College. He also tried to democratize federal officeholding. State machines were already being built on patronage, and a New York Senator openly proclaimed "that to the victors belong the spoils..." Jackson took a milder view. Decrying officeholders who seemed to enjoy life tenure, he believed government duties could be "so plain and simple" that offices should rotate among deserving applicants. As national politics polarized around Jackson and his opposition, two parties grew out of the old Republican Party: the Democratic Republicans, or Democrats, adhering to Jackson; and the National Republicans, or Whigs, opposing him.  The greatest party battle centered around the Second Bank of the United States, a private corporation but virtually a government-sponsored monopoly. When Jackson appeared hostile toward it, the bank threw its power against him. Clay and Webster, who had acted as attorneys for the bank, led the fight for its recharter in Congress. "The bank," Jackson told Martin Van Buren, "is trying to kill me, but I will kill it!" Jackson, in vetoing the recharter bill, charged the bank with undue economic privilege. Jackson's views won approval from the American electorate; in 1832 he polled more than 56 percent of the popular vote and almost five times as many electoral votes as Clay. Jackson met head-on the challenge of John C. Calhoun, leader of forces trying to rid themselves of a high protective tariff. When South Carolina undertook to nullify the tariff, Jackson ordered armed forces to Charleston and privately threatened to hang Calhoun. Violence seemed imminent until Clay negotiated a compromise: tariffs were lowered and South Carolina dropped nullification. In January of 1832, while the president was dining with friends at the White House, someone whispered to him that the Senate had rejected the nomination of Martin Van Buren as Minister to England. Jackson jumped to his feet and exclaimed, "By the Eternal! I'll smash them!" So he did. His favorite, Van Buren, became vice president, and succeeded to the presidency when "Old Hickory" retired to the Hermitage, where he died in June 1845. FIRST LADY'S BIOGRAPHY Rachel Donelson Robards Jackson Rachel Donelson was a child of the frontier. Born in Virginia, she journeyed to the Tennessee wilderness with her parents when only 12. At 17, while living in Kentucky, she married Lewis Robards, of a prominent Mercer County family. His unreasoning jealousy made it impossible for her to live with him. In 1790 they separated, and she heard that he was filing a petition for divorce. Andrew Jackson married Rachel in 1791; and after two happy years they learned to their dismay that Robards had not obtained a divorce, only permission to file for one. Now he brought suit on grounds of adultery. After the divorce was granted, the Jacksons quietly remarried in 1794. They had made an honest mistake, as friends well understood, but whispers of adultery and bigamy followed Mrs. Jackson as her husband's career advanced in both politics and war. He was quick to take offense at, and ready to avenge, any slight to her. Scandal aside, Mrs. Jackson's unpretentious kindness won the respect of all who knew her, including innumerable visitors who found a comfortable welcome at The Hermitage. although the Jacksons never had children of their own, they gladly opened their home to the children of Rachel's many relatives. In 1809 they adopted a nephew and named him Andrew Jackson, Jr. They also reared other nephews; one, Andrew Jackson Donelson, eventually married his cousin Emily, one of Rachel's favorite nieces. When Jackson was elected president, he planned to have young Donelson for private secretary, with Emily as company for Mrs. Jackson. After losing his beloved wife, he asked Emily to serve as his hostess. Though only 21 when she entered the White House, Emily skillfully cared for her uncle, her husband, four children (three born at the mansion), many visiting relatives, and official guests. Praised by contemporaries for her wonderful tact, she had the courage to differ with the president on issues of principle. Frail throughout her lifetime, Emily died of tuberculosis in 1836. During the last months of the administration, Sarah Yorke Jackson, wife of Andrew Jackson, Jr., presided at the mansion in her stead. MAJOR EVENTS
1830: Indian Removal Act of 1830. Jackson authorizes the relocation of Chickasaw, Creek, Cherokee, Choctaw, and Seminole tribes to land west of the Mississippi river.
1832: Jackson vetoes a bill rechartering the Second Bank of the United States. This leads to the creation of the Whig Party and increases Jackson's popularity.
1835: Jackson signs the Treaty of New Echota leading to the forced removal of Cherokee and Creek tribes from the Southeast onto reservations, also called the "Trail of Tears."
1836: Delegates from Texas come to Washington, D.C., to declare their independence.
1836: Battle of the Alamo. A momentous battle in the Texas Revolution in which the Texan Army, made up of U.S. settlers, is overwhelmed by the Mexican Army.
1836: Jackson allows the Second Bank of the United States to collapse.
1836: Arkansas joins the Union.
1837: Michigan joins the Union.
TRIVIA
1. Andrew Jackson invited the public to attend his first inauguration at the White House, the first president to do so. So many people attended that his guards could not hold them out. Attendants poured punch in tubs and put them on the lawn to lure people out of the White House.
2. Jackson was the first president born in a log cabin.
3. Jackson was the first president to ride in a train.
4. Andrew Jackson was the first American president to experience and survive an assassination attempt. Jackson was at the U.S. Capitol when an unemployed house painter fired a pistol at him. The pistol misfired. The would-be assassin drew a second pistol, which also misfired.
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hiç yorum yok:
Yorum Gönder