5 Mart 2013 Salı

U.S Presidents — Franklin D. Roosevelt

President
  Return to Presidents List

U.S Presidents — Franklin D. Roosevelt

OVERVIEW
Name: Franklin D. Roosevelt
President: # 32
Term Number(s): 37, 38, 39, 40
Term Length: 12.1
Took Office: March 4, 1933
Left Office: April 12, 1945
Age when Elected: 51
Party: Democratic
Also Known As: "FDR"

BIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Education: Harvard University, Columbia Law School
Occupation: Lawyer (Corporate)
Other Governmental Position: 44th Governor of New York, Assistant Secretary of the Navy, New York State Senator.
Military Service: None
Religion: Episcopal
Spouse(s): Anna Eleanor Roosevelt (March 17, 1905)
Children: Anna Roosevelt Halsted; James Roosevelt; Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Jr.; Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Jr. (III); Elliott Roosevelt; John Aspinwall Roosevelt
Birthdate: January 30, 1882
Birthplace: Hyde Park, New York
Deathdate: April 12, 1945
Deathplace: Warm Springs, Georgia
Age at Death: 63
Cause of Death: cerebral hemorrhage (stroke)
Place of Internment: Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum in Hyde Park, New York
Signature
Signature

FIRST ELECTION
Election Year: 1932
Main Opponent: Herbert Hoover
Voter Participation: 56.90%
 ElectoralPopularStates1932 Election
Click for larger image
Winner472 (89.00%)22,821,277 (57.40%)42
Main Opponent59 (11.11%)15,761,254 (39.70%)6
total53139,751,89848

SECOND ELECTION
Election Year: 1936
Main Opponent: Alf Landon
Voter Participation: 61.00%
 ElectoralPopularStates1936 Election
Click for larger image
Winner523 (98.50%)27,752,648 (60.80%)46
Main Opponent8 (1.51%)16,681,862 (36.50%)2
total53145,647,69948

THIRD ELECTION
Election Year: 1940
Main Opponent: Wendell Willkie
Voter Participation: 62.50%
 ElectoralPopularStates1936 Election
Click for larger image
Winner449 (84.60%)27,313,945 (54.74%)38
Main Opponent82 (15.40%)22,681,862 (44.78%)10
total53149,902,11348
 
FORTH ELECTION
Election Year: 1944
Main Opponent: Thomas E. Dewey
Voter Participation: 55.90%
 ElectoralPopularStates1936 Election
Click for larger image
Winner432 (81.36%)25,612,916 (53.40%)36
Main Opponent99 (18.64%)22,017,929 (45.90%)12
total53147,977,06348

CABINET AND COURT APPOINTMENTS
Vice President: John Nance Garne, Henry A. Wallace, Harry S Truman
Secretary of State: Cordell Hull (1933–1944), Edward R. Stettinius, Jr. (1944–1945)
Secretary of the Treasury: William H. Woodin (1933–1934), Henry Morgenthau, Jr. (1934–1945)
Secretary of War: George H. Dern (1933–1936), Harry H. Woodring (1936–1940), Henry L. Stimson (1940–1945)
Secretary of the Navy: Claude A. Swanson (1933–1939), Charles Edison (1940), Frank Knox (1940–1944), James V. Forrestal (1944–1945)
Secretary of the Interior: Harold L. Ickes (1933–1945)
Secretary of Agriculture: Henry A. Wallace (1933–1940), Claude R. Wickard (1940–1945)
Secretary of Commerce: Daniel C. Roper (1933–1938), Harry L. Hopkins (1939–1940), Jesse H. Jones (1940–1945), Henry A. Wallace (1945)
Secretary of Labor: Frances C. Perkins (1933–1945)
Attorney General: Homer S. Cummings (1933–1939), Frank Murphy (1939–1940), Robert H. Jackson (1940–1941), Francis B. Biddle (1941–1945)
Postmaster General: James A. Farley (1933–1940), Frank C. Walker (1940–1945)
Supreme Court Assignments: Hugo Lafayette Black (1937), Stanley Forman Reed (1938), Felix Frankfurter (1939), William Orville Douglas (1939), Frank Murphy (1940), Harlan Fiske Stone (1941), James Francis Byrnes (1941), Robert Houghwout Jackson (1941), Wiley Blount Rutledge (1943)

PRESIDENT'S BIOGRAPHY
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Assuming the presidency at the depth of the Great Depression, Franklin D. Roosevelt helped the American people regain faith in themselves. He brought hope as he promised prompt, vigorous action, and asserted in his inaugural address, "The only thing we have to fear is fear itself."

Born in 1882 at Hyde Park, New York—now a national historic site—Roosevelt attended Harvard University and Columbia Law School. On St. Patrick's Day, 1905, he married distant cousin Eleanor Roosevelt.

Following the example of his fifth cousin, President Theodore Roosevelt, whom he greatly admired, Franklin D. Roosevelt entered public service through politics, but as a Democrat. He won election to the New York Senate in 1910. President Wilson appointed him assistant secretary of the Navy, and he was the Democratic nominee for vice president in 1920.

In the summer of 1921, when Roosevelt was 39, disaster hit—he was stricken with poliomyelitis. Demonstrating indomitable courage, he fought to regain the use of his legs, particularly through swimming. At the 1924 Democratic Convention, he dramatically appeared on crutches to nominate Alfred E. Smith as "the Happy Warrior." In 1928 Roosevelt became governor of New York.

Roosevelt was elected president in November 1932, to the first of four terms. By March there were 13,000,000 unemployed, and almost every bank was closed. In his first "hundred days," he proposed, and Congress enacted, a sweeping program to bring recovery to business and agriculture, relief to the unemployed and to those in danger of losing farms and homes, and reform, especially through the establishment of the Tennessee Valley Authority.

By 1935 the nation had achieved some measure of recovery, but businessmen and bankers were turning more and more against Roosevelt's New Deal program. They feared his experiments, were appalled because he had taken the nation off the gold standard and allowed deficits in the budget, and disliked the concessions to labor. Roosevelt responded with a new program of reform: Social Security, heavier taxes on the wealthy, new controls over banks and public utilities, and an enormous work relief program for the unemployed.

In 1936 he was re-elected by a top-heavy margin. Feeling he was armed with a popular mandate, Roosevelt sought legislation to enlarge the Supreme Court, which had been invalidating key New Deal measures. Roosevelt lost the Supreme Court battle, but a revolution in constitutional law took place. Thereafter the government could legally regulate the economy.

Roosevelt had pledged the United States to the "good neighbor" policy, transforming the Monroe Doctrine from a unilateral American manifesto into arrangements for mutual action against aggressors. He also sought through neutrality legislation to keep the United States out of the war in Europe, yet at the same time to strengthen nations threatened or attacked. When France fell and England came under siege in 1940, he began to send Great Britain all possible aid short of actual military involvement.

When the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, Roosevelt directed organization of the nation's manpower and resources for global war.

Feeling that the future peace of the world would depend upon relations between the United States and Russia, he devoted much thought to the planning of a United Nations, in which, he hoped, international difficulties could be settled.

As the war drew to a close, Roosevelt's health deteriorated, and on April 12, 1945, while at Warm Springs, Georgia, he died of a cerebral hemorrhage.

FIRST LADY'S BIOGRAPHY
Anna Eleanor Roosevelt
Anna Eleanor Roosevelt
A shy, awkward child, starved for recognition and love, Eleanor Roosevelt grew into a woman with great sensitivity to the underprivileged of all creeds, races, and nations. Her constant work to improve their lot made her one of the most loved—and for some years one of the most revered—women of her generation.

Eleanor was born in New York City on October 11, 1884, daughter of Anna Hall and Elliott Roosevelt, younger brother of Theodore. When her mother died in 1892, the children went to live with Grandmother Hall; her adored father died only two years later. Attending a distinguished school in England gave her, at 15, her first chance to develop self-confidence among other girls.

Tall and slender but apprehensive at the thought of being a wallflower, she returned to the U.S. for a debut that she dreaded. In her circle of friends was a distant cousin, handsome young Franklin Delano Roosevelt. They became engaged in 1903 and were married in 1905, with her uncle the president giving the bride away. Within eleven years, the Roosevelts had six children; one son died in infancy. "I suppose I was fitting pretty well into the pattern of a fairly conventional, quiet, young society matron," she wrote later in her autobiography.

In Albany, where Franklin served in the state Senate from 1910 to 1913, Eleanor started her long career as political helpmate. She gained a knowledge of Washington, D.C., and its ways while Franklin served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy. When he was stricken with poliomyelitis in 1921, Mrs. Roosevelt tended him devotedly. She became active in the women's division of the State Democratic Committee to keep his interest in politics alive. From his successful campaign for governor in 1928 to the day of his death, she dedicated her life to his purposes. She became eyes and ears for him, a trusted and tireless reporter.

When Mrs. Roosevelt came to the White House in 1933, she understood social conditions better than any of her predecessors and she transformed the role of first lady accordingly. She never shirked official entertaining; she greeted thousands with charming friendliness. She also broke precedent to hold press conferences, travel to all parts of the country, give lectures and radio broadcasts, and express her opinions candidly in a daily syndicated newspaper column, "My Day."

This made her a tempting target for political enemies but her integrity, her graciousness, and her sincerity endeared her personally to many—from heads of state to servicemen she visited abroad during World War II. As she had written wistfully at 14, "No matter how plain a woman may be if truth and loyalty are stamped upon her face all will be attracted to her..."

After the president's death in 1945, Mrs. Roosevelt returned to a cottage at his Hyde Park estate; she told reporters, "The story is over." Within a year, however, she began her service as American spokesman in the United Nations. She continued a vigorous career until her strength began to wane in 1962. Mrs. Roosevelt died in New York City that November, and was buried at Hyde Park beside her husband.

MAJOR EVENTS
1933: Twenty-first Amendment: repeal of prohibition.
1935: Social Security Act. Roosevelt signs this act to benefit unemployed workers and retirees.
1933–1939: FDR creates economic relief programs known as the "New Deal" including the creation of the CCC, NRA, and TVA.
1939–1945: World War II begins.
1941: U.S. enters World War II after Pearl Harbor is attacked.
1945: Yalta Conference, the second of three significant meetings is held between Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin to discuss the reorganization of postwar Europe.

TRIVIA
1. Franklin Roosevelt was the first president to speak on television.
2. Roosevelt was the first president to fly in an airplane.
3. Serving four terms, Roosevelt was in office longer than any other president.
4. Because Roosevelt was paralyzed from polio, he served his entire presidency without the use of his legs.

Hiç yorum yok:

Yorum Gönder